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NEW QUESTION # 12
What is the function of a pre-amplifier in an optical network?
- A. Through the pre-amplifier, the optical signal is amplified both the receiver side and at the transmitter side.
- B. Through the pre-amplifier, the optical signal is amplified at the receiver side after it travels along the fiber from another node.
- C. Through the pre-amplifier, the optical signal is amplified within the node internally to recover internal losses due, for instance, to cascaded filters.
- D. Through the pre-amplifier, the optical signal is amplified at the transmitter side before it is sent to the line span.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A pre-amplifier is an optical amplifier that is used to boost the power of the received optical signal before it is detected by the receiver in an optical communication system. This is done to overcome the loss of power that occurs as the signal travels through the optical fiber and to ensure that the receiver can detect the signal. The pre-amplification stage is typically located close to the receiver in order to minimize the distance that the signal has to travel between the amplifier and the receiver, which helps to reduce the noise and distortion in the signal.
NEW QUESTION # 13
Which of the following statements is true about chromatic dispersion (CD)?
- A. Different channels have different bandwidth and this causes different CD performances.
- B. The fiber attenuation changes along the fiber, and when the light crosses these differences the CD takes place.
- C. The fiber attenuation introduces inter-channel interference.
- D. Different wavelengths propagate at different speeds within the same media and therefore different colors travel in the fiber with different speed.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Different wavelengths propagate at different speeds within the same media and therefore different colors travel in the fiber with different speed. This phenomenon is known as chromatic dispersion and causes light to spread out as it travels through the fiber over distance, leading to signal attenuation and distortion. The fiber attenuation does not introduce inter-channel interference, but it can cause attenuation of the signal. Different channels have different bandwidths, but this does not affect CD performance.
NEW QUESTION # 14
How many PM bins can be stored, for each data collection point, on PSS systems?
- A. 120 x 15-min bins, 60 x 1-day bins and 1 raw bin.
- B. 200 x 15-min bins, 90 x 1-day bins and 1 raw bin.
- C. 4 x 15-min bins and 1 x 1-day bin.
- D. 33 x 15-min bins, 8 x 1-day bins and 1 raw bin.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:
Performance Monitoring (PM) is critical for maintaining the health of a Nokia 1830 PSS network. The system collects data such as FEC corrected bits, optical power levels, and ODU-layer errors. According to Nokia's standard node management architecture, each data collection point (such as an optical port or an ODU termination point) stores a specific number of historical "bins" locally on the card or the shelf controller.
The standard storage capacity for these PM statistics is 33 x 15-minute bins (covering the last 8 hours and 15 minutes of granular data) and 8 x 1-day bins (covering the last week of daily totals). Additionally, there is 1 raw bin which contains the "current" accumulating data that has not yet been shifted into a completed 15-minute or 24-hour historical bin. This allows network operators using WS-NOC (WaveSuite Network Operations Center) to retrieve recent historical performance data directly from the NE (Network Element) even if the management system was temporarily disconnected. If longer-term history is required, the management system must be configured to poll and archive these bins into its own database before they are overwritten on the hardware.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Where can the user set the long-haul WT decoder parameter, when designing a network with EPT?
- A. In the audit menu
- B. In the optimization parameters
- C. In the network parameters
- D. In the NE parameters
Answer: D
Explanation:
The long-haul WT decoder parameter can be set in the NE parameters when designing a network with EPT. This parameter is used to adjust the sensitivity of the decoder and can help to improve the accuracy of the measurements for long-haul WTs.
The Network Element (NE) parameters in EPT (Element Planning Tool) are used to configure various settings and options for the network elements in the network. The long-haul WT decoder parameter is one such setting that can be configured in the NE parameters section. The user can access the NE parameters by navigating to the NE Parameters menu within the EPT interface. The user can then select the appropriate network element and modify the settings as needed. This information can be found in the Nokia guide for EPT.
NEW QUESTION # 16
How can a mesh network be upgraded so that more services can be transported?
- A. Upgrading the network to coherent transmission is the only effective way to enable more bandwidth to the existing mesh network.
- B. Configuring new WSS cards is the most effective way to give flexibility and network bandwidth to an existing mesh network.
- C. Upgrading link capacity and/or installing new links provides more bandwidth to the existing mesh network.
- D. The Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) mechanism can enable more bandwidth but only for the protected services.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:
While technologies like WSS (Wavelength Selective Switches) and coherent transmission (100G/200G/400G+) significantly improve the efficiency and reach of a network, the most direct way to increase the total transportable volume of services in a mesh topology is to upgrade link capacity or install new physical links. In Nokia optical planning, upgrading link capacity typically involves moving from a lower-rate system (like 10G) to a higher-rate system (like 100G or 400G) or increasing the number of available wavelengths by expanding from a 40-channel to an 80-channel or 96-channel C-band system.
Adding new links (new fiber spans) creates more degrees in the mesh, providing more paths for traffic and increasing the overall aggregate bandwidth of the network. Option A refers to flexibility (ROADM functionality) rather than raw capacity. Option B (PRC) relates to survivability and availability, not capacity expansion. While Option C (coherent transmission) is a powerful method for increasing capacity per wavelength, it is not the "only" way, as adding more fiber (spatial multiplexing) or more channels (spectral density) are also primary methods for scaling a mesh network to handle more services.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following are the main reasons for fiber attenuation?
- A. Small channel spacing
- B. Scattering and absorption
- C. Refraction and reflection
- D. Chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 18
Which macro steps can be executed via CPB?
- A. Systems validation, system provisioning, power adjustment
- B. Node creation, systems validation and system provisioning
- C. Node supervision, system validation and system provision
- D. Power adjustment and generation of the system loss report
Answer: B
Explanation:
Node creation, systems validation and system provisioning. The CPB (Commissioning Parameter Builder) application is used to generate commissioning files for a Nokia 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS-1) and can be used to create new nodes, validate the system configuration, and provision the system with the appropriate settings and parameters. Power adjustment and generation of system loss report are not related to CPB.
NEW QUESTION # 19
With reference to trails and services, which of the following sentences is correct?
- A. A trail can interconnect three ports, while a service always two.
- B. Trails are transported over services; that is, trails are clients with respect to services.
- C. A service is always associated to a single wavelength, while a trail can involve multiple wavelengths.
- D. Services are transported over trails; that is, services are clients with respect to trails.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Services are transported over trails; that is, services are clients with respect to trails. A service is a logical connection that is used to transport data from one point to another. It is created over a trail, which is a physical connection that is established by using multiple wavelengths. As such, services are clients with respect to trails, as they are transported over them.
NEW QUESTION # 20
How is it possible to check the activation status of GMRE on a node?
- A. The GMRE activation status is reported in the supervision state column on the node list
- B. The GMRE activation status is reflected on the color of the icon representing the node
- C. The ControlPlane status column on the node list displays the GMRE status for the selected node
- D. The GMRE reachability can be tested via ping request from NFM-T
Answer: A
Explanation:
The GMRE activation status is reported in the supervision state column on the node list. The supervision state column displays the GMRE status of the node, which is either "Activated" or "Not Activated". This allows the user to quickly check the GMRE activation status of a node without having to ping the node from the NFM-T platform.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which statement is correct about the NFM-T network map?
- A. It automatically represents all nodes grouped by the location string assigned during the NE creation.
- B. It allows the graphical visualization of the services deployed in the network with the details of the boards involved in the service.
- C. It allows context sensitive navigation and represents nodes and related physical connections with different colors. depending on the active alarms.
- D. It represents all supervised nodes grouped by alarm status (with a different color).
Answer: C
Explanation:
The NFM-T network map provides a graphical view of the network with different colors used to represent each node, physical connection, and active alarm. It allows the user to quickly identify any issues in the network and provides context sensitive navigation.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which of the following sentences about FlexGrid is false?
- A. The FlexGrid is currently standardized by ITU-T.
- B. Channels in FlexGrid systems are allocated with a granularity of 27.5GHz.
- C. FlexGrid allows a more efficient channel spacing.
- D. FlexGrid systems use specific sets of boards. Old generation WDM systems need to be upgraded to support FlexGrid.
Answer: D
Explanation:
FlexGrid is a flexible grid technology that allows for variable channel spacing and bandwidth allocation. It uses the same sets of boards as the traditional fixed grid systems and it does not require upgrading the old generation WDM systems.
Reference:
"Flexible Grid Optical Networks: From Concepts to Realizations" by Diomidis S. Michalopoulos and George K. Karagiannidis
"Flexible Grid and Flexible Spectrum Optical Networks" by Diomidis S. Michalopoulos and George K. Karagiannidis
"Flexible Grid Optical Networks" by Diomidis S. Michalopoulos and George K. Karagiannidis
NEW QUESTION # 23
WDM allows transmission systems to:
- A. Increase the bit rate of each client signal by spreading it over multiple wavelengths
- B. Share a single signal among multiple fibers doing load balancing, and thus increasing the reliability of the optical transmission
- C. Allocate different signals to different time slots
- D. Transport multiple signals transparently, onto several wavelengths, all together over one single fiber
Answer: D
Explanation:
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) allows transmission systems to transport multiple signals transparently, onto several wavelengths, all together over one single fiber. This allows for increased capacity, as many different signals can be transmitted at the same time and along the same fiber. Other advantages include improved signal integrity and reduced signal attenuation.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Is it possible to select the fiber type independently for each segment while designing a network in EPT?
- A. Yes, during the segment creation phase or editing
- B. No, a unique type is allowed per design for all segments
- C. No, as the fiber type is selected for links only and it's one for whole design
- D. Yes, during the link creation through the wizard
Answer: A
Explanation:
Yes, during the segment creation phase or editing. It is possible to select the fiber type independently for each segment while designing a network in EPT. This can be done during the segment creation phase or when editing an existing segment. This allows for more flexibility when designing the network and allows for more efficient use of resources.
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is the block that converts the colorless (or black and white) client signal to a specific optical channel in a WDM system?
- A. Static filter device (SFD)
- B. Optical transponder (OT)
- C. Dispersion compensation module (DCM)
- D. Wavelength router (WR)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:
The Optical Transponder (OT) is the essential interface component in a WDM system that bridges the gap between the client-side equipment and the WDM line-side. Client signals, often referred to as "colorless" or "black and white" because they typically use standard 1310nm or 1550nm short-reach optics, cannot be directly multiplexed into a DWDM fiber because they would interfere with one another.
The Transponder performs an O-E-O (Optical-Electrical-Optical) conversion process: it receives the client's optical signal, converts it to an electrical format to perform 3R functions (Re-amplification, Re-shaping, and Re-timing) and often wraps it into an OTN (Optical Transport Network) frame, and then re-transmits it using a high-precision, ITU-T grid-compliant colored wavelength. In the Nokia 1830 PSS portfolio, these can be dedicated transponders for a single high-speed service or Muxponders, which aggregate multiple lower-speed client signals into a single high-speed "colored" line interface. Other components like the SFD are used for multiplexing those colors, and the DCM is used for managing fiber impairments, but only the Transponder performs the initial frequency conversion.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Is it possible to modify node parameters within the edit EPT menu?
- A. No, this view is used to display a close-up view of the node
- B. Yes, the user can apply manual changes directly from this view
- C. Yes, the user can apply manual changes but only for non-GMPLS nodes, as the control plane reserves node resources not editable by the user
- D. Yes, but the user can modify only the node name and location
Answer: C
Explanation:
Yes, the user can apply manual changes but only for non-GMPLS nodes, as the control plane reserves node resources not editable by the user. The edit EPT menu allows the user to view information about a node but is not used to modify node parameters. The user can only apply manual changes to non-GMPLS nodes, as the control plane reserves node resources which cannot be modified by the user.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following is an example of optical protection mechanism?
- A. Optical regeneration (e.g., back-to-back regeneration)
- B. GR and SBR combined
- C. GMPLS-enabled SBR
- D. OSNCP (e.g., via Y-cable or OPS card)
Answer: D
Explanation:
It can be implemented through the use of a Y-cable or an optical protection switch (OPS) card, which allows for the switching of traffic to a secondary path in the event of a failure on the primary path. This type of protection is commonly used to protect against fiber cuts and other types of physical layer failures in the optical transport network.
NEW QUESTION # 28
When monitoring the quality of the received signal in WDM, an open eye indicates:
- A. Low noise
- B. High jitter
- C. Presence of high inter-symbolic interference
- D. High distortion
Answer: A
Explanation:
An open eye pattern indicates that the signal is not affected by noise, and the received signal is of high quality. This is because an open eye pattern is the result of a signal that is aligned in time, and is not affected by noise or other distortions.
Reference:
"Optical Fiber Communications" by Gerd Keiser
"Fiber-Optic Communications Technology" by Djafar K. Mynbaev
"Optical Communications" by Gerd Keiser
NEW QUESTION # 29
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